Benefits of natural based recreation

Natural based recreation provides two main needs in contemporary society, the natural and health benefits. Many studies in the field of therapeutic landscape, healing garden, public health support the concept of a benefit based approach in outdoor recreation.
Moreover, various studies from environmental psychology, landscape research, horticulture therapy, and public health, have been done with different kinds of measurement to address this issue and prove its value. Psychological and physiological tests involving preferences, relaxation, attention restoration, social interaction, satisfaction, brainwave, muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure, etc. have shown that all people, from children to elders, from general people to patients, can benefit in various ways from contact with natural environment.
However, in the field of outdoor recreation studies, the research on the benefits from recreational settings, activities, and experiences is limited. The benefits of the natural based recreation could be tested more based on the theories from outdoor recreation. Therefore, this session would like to provide a communication opportunity for scholars from different cultures to learn what we know about the benefits of natural based outdoor recreation. Further, we would like to invite scholars to join and start a cooperation team for future research collaborations.

瑋佳-公眾態度之界定：輿論中的國家公園(I)~(IV)

[摘要]

就國家公園資源保育與經營管理的實務而言，雖然保育對象和目標與人類存續息息相關，但與社會大眾的日常生活卻相去甚遠，學者認為瞭解大眾對生態管理政策的看法，有助彌補公眾和專業立場的落差，因此，本研究以國家公園為研究範疇，界定社會大眾對此一資源保育制度的瞭解與期望，為了使研究更為明確，將以兼具「反映社會大眾觀點」與「引導社會大眾觀點」的輿論作為研究文本，包括部落格文章與網路新聞。取樣分為2階段，第1階段為2009年1月5日至7日，隨即進行第1次分析，共建立49個編碼，可建立出3個概念架構；2009年1月24日至26日進行第2次文本取樣分析，新增加編碼1個，但並未新增概念架構，因此初步認定已達理論飽和。

本研究發現具有輿論發聲能力的社會大眾對國家公園均有明確的態度，包括環境倫理、環境挑戰、環境教育、環境體驗等，其中環境教育又因為接觸管道的關係，與環境體驗有著密不可分的關係；無論在哪一個範疇中，現行國家公園體系多難以完全符合社會大眾的期待，例如環境倫理所期待的環境秩序、單一物種研究復育，或是環境體驗所期待的遊憩服務等，相較之下，環境挑戰所期待的良好活動環境和緊急救難系統既明確又單純，容易達成。
　
這是上學期修質性研究的期末報告
全文請參考http://papayasu.blogspot.com/，共分4篇，謝謝！並祝新春如意行大運^^
　

瑋佳-Stream communities across a rural-urban landscape gradient

Urban, MC, Skelly, DK, Burchsted, D, Price, W, Lowry, S (2006) Stream communities across a rural-urban landscape gradient, Diversity and Distributions, 12, 337-350.

研究目的
作者在5種不同的空間尺度上驗證環境品質與無脊椎動物群落組成的關係。
　
研究假設
1.無脊椎動物群落組成受溪流棲地和物化條件的影響
2.集水區土地使用和河濱植栽的變化可用以預測無脊椎動物群落的組成
3.河道之間的遷徙決定了無脊椎動物群落的變異
　
研究取樣
將West河、Mill河和Quinnipiac河60條1級和2級河川列表，選取其中地質組成和集水區面積都類似的18條作為研究地點。
　
研究變項
1.自變項
(1)都市化程度：計算18條河川的集水區中每公頃土地的戶數(households)，作為都市化的指標
(2)環境品質測值：在每條河川的集水區範圍內分別劃定4種不同的空間尺度：棲地單位(habitat unit)、河道(stream reach)、河濱廊道(riparian corridor)及集水區(watershed)，分別收集不同層次的環境品質測值，例如針對棲地單位計算淺灘比例或平均深度、針對河道測量pH值或溶氧量(DO)、針對河濱廊道計算喬木多樣性或外來種比例，以及針對集水區計算景觀結構(LCTs%)等
2.依變項：無脊椎動物歧異度和豐度
　
分析方法
1.都市化和物種相關性：迴歸分析
2.空間尺度對物種預測力：Redundancy analysis (RDA)
　
研究結果
1.單位戶數(取ln)和人為土地使用比例呈非線性正相關(p<0.01)
2.單位戶數(取ln)和無脊椎動物平均種數呈線性負相關(p<0.0001)
3.大尺度環境品質測值對無脊椎動物多樣性和豐度預測能力較佳，以河濱廊道的植栽結構預測能力最佳，其次為集水區的景觀結構，兩者均在30%左右
4.空間層次的網絡距離(network distance)對無脊椎動物多樣性和豐度有41%的預測能力
5.β-diversity(棲地間無脊椎動物群落組成差異性)與集水區都市化程度呈線性負相關(p<0.01)，但環境品質測值的變異和棲地並無統計上的顯著關係，可知此一結果並不是棲地差異的同質化所致
　
重要結論
大尺度環境因子對物種組成的影響大於小尺度，河川復育若以棲地復舊為主，成效非常有限，解決集水區之內與之間的分裂情況才是最重要的。
　

瑋佳-有關粒度和幅度

首先, 我是看到K. McGarigal和S.A. Cushman的一篇文章The gradient concept of landscape structure, 作者認為現在的研究過於重視grain和extent而忽略了觀察尺度的非空間層面(nonspatial aspect of observation scale), 收錄在J. Wiens和M. Moss (2005)合編的Issues and perspectives in landscape ecology這本書裡(Cambridge出的).
　　
Accordingly, we believe that the recent attention to scale in ecology (Wiens 1989, Petersonand Parker 1998) has focused too much on ‘grain’ and ‘extent’ issues, and has ignored the nonspatial aspect of observation scale associated with the map legend, representating the rules that are followed in defining what is measured and the resolution at which it is measured.
　　
為了在網路上找這篇文章, 所以在我最愛的google學術搜尋裡輸入文章篇名, 果然看到有一篇pdf檔可供下載(感謝麻州州大很愛把老師們的文章全文上網, 包括J. Ahern及K. McGarigal等人的文章都是), 載下來一看, 發現和書裡的段落雖相近, 文字上卻有很大的不同, 仔細看原來押了2002年的日期, 主要差異如下藍字:
　　　　
Accordingly, we believe that the recent attention to scale in ecology (Wiens 1989, Petersonand Parker 1998) has focused too much on ‘grain’ and ‘extent’ issues, and has ignored a thirddimension of scale, which we call ‘intensity.’ We define intensity as the resolution inenvironmental variation discriminated by a given variable. Intensity is conceptually equivalent toradiometric resolution in remote sensing, which refers to how finely the spectral differencesamong locations are measured.
　　
換句話說, 作者在2002年時認為除了grain和extent之外, 還應該重視intensity(強度, 飽和度), 但到了2005年, 作者卻改口稱之為nonspatial aspect of observation scale, 其實我沒有仔細看上下文, 但我覺得這點挺有趣的: 到底是什麼讓作者必須換一種說法? 原本的說法不正確或不準確嗎?
　　

12項

我今天在整理12項(雖然目前可能連前幾項都還沒出來)
想寫出這些項目的內容，
以後可能會比較好跟著它走，不會讓研究的焦點散掉。

寫了之後才發現，
以前的專討根本沒有做到這些..也就是一點都不嚴謹的意思..
例如在取樣方法那邊，因為沒有想過，
所以現在也想不出來有甚麼內容及要注意的地方。

大家有在這些項目中卡住過嗎?或是遇到問題?
有興趣分享的請不吝嗇發表一下，
在甚麼項目遇到甚麼問題，還有解決問題的方法~

ps我把細項分出來，所以變成16項


1. 研究問題
現實世界發生的某些現象及問題。去解釋現象，或有甚麼方法能改善這些問題，對人類(或某些族群的人)有幫助。

2. 研究目的
要怎麼解決這個研究問題。

3. 理論基礎
應變項、自變項各個理論基礎，和兩者之間的相關研究。盡量focus，不要扯太多無關緊要的。
最好是找到第一手資料(原作者寫的)

4. 研究架構
文獻回顧之後，更能確定自變項和應變項之間的關係，是可行的研究。
用架構將研究圖解化。
箭頭的兩邊是可以量化的東西，而非概念。

5. 研究假設
跟著架構寫。

6. 刺激物
video, picture, on-site or not
甚麼影像才能正確反應研究問題，如何才能將效果放大。

7. 取樣方法

8. 研究基地
在我的研究問題中，是有代表性的基地嗎?

9. 操作流程
研究工具的信效度。
外在影響因子的控制。


10. 分析方法
樣本數不夠的分析(對於分析很沒有sense....)


11. 結果
在類似的研究中，最好的圖、表的表現方式。

12. 代表意義
假設證實所代表的意義。

13. 實驗檢討
可能導致有誤差的地方，架構概念的完整度，研究限制。

14. 如何應用
實務上，規畫設計上，研究範圍(?)

15. 參考文獻

16. 附錄
問卷問項

瑋佳-微軟的作文小幫手

　　
http://www.eslassistant.com/?mkt=zh-TW
　　
這是微軟首頁(聽起來很陌生嗎? 就是MSN啦)提供的作文小幫手, 只要把英文文章貼上, 就會自動改作文唷!
　　
因為我貼的東西是選過的, 所以沒被挑文法問題(我猜它也會才對), 主要是修改用字, 例如把ecological quality建議成environmental quality等等, 把這個網頁自己的說明文字Designed for learners of English 貼上的話, 它會改成Designed for students of English, 哈哈!
　　
跟google翻譯一樣有使用者回饋機制, 相信會越來越厲害, 如果遇到不知用哪個字好的情況, 也許可以參考一下^^

瑋佳-怎麼知道這本期刊是不是SCI?

最近連續被問了兩次這個問題, 大公開一下好了~

1. 請上http://admin-apps.isiknowledge.com/JCR/JCR?RQ=HOME
2. 會出現一個好像連結錯誤的畫面, 不要怕, 點establish a new session就對了*
3. 左邊的欄位是點選SCI或SSCI的資料庫; 右邊的欄位是問要(1)依期刊類別查詢, (2)查詢個別期刊, 還是(3)查看所有期刊, 我通常都點第(2)個
4. 勤勞好孩子請輸入期刊全名(例如Landscape and Urban Planning), 伶俐好孩子請在下拉式選單中選title word後用部分刊名查詢(例如Landscape)
5. 查詢結果中的Impact Factor就是俗稱的期刊點數**

*不知這間公司在搞什麼神祕, 只要把網頁加入最愛, 下次再連就會告訴我沒這個東西; 對了, 要用學校的IP才能連進去唷

**怎樣的期刊算點數高? 在SCI裡查Nature或Cell等期刊就知道怎樣算高, 但在本研究室的領域中, 像Landscape Ecology的2.061算不錯高了; 點數計算係以引用率為基礎, 所以越熱門的領域就越容易出現高點數期刊

　　　

Atlas.ti的新發現和問題

　
　

最近因為做質性研究的期末報告, 上網查了一些教質性的老師放的教材, 發現Altlas.ti有個功能叫family, 可以把code分組, 解決了我長久以來不知道怎麼在軟體中分範疇的問題.
　
但是我也快受不了我的Altlas.ti了, 每次關掉1個檔案(*.hu)再開, 就會跳出1個對話方塊告訴我該檔案正由papaya使用中, 問我要不要用唯讀模式開啟, 開了就只能另存新檔, 即使我關機重開也是一樣! 而且每次開檔案來做coding時, 這次開檔所新建的code都無法顯示在code list中, 這是我不得已必須常常關掉檔案重開的原因, 結果就一直在2個問題中無盡循環....
　
　

(唉呀, 好像不到500字!!)

　　

國科會整合之分工架構_peiyi

這是目前想到的分工架構圖

不知道這樣是否可行、合理呢？？

或是否需要如何修改，

敬請指教～

南庄空照頻譜分析

下面這張圖是那天學科預試完，與老師討論要做看看的東西。
想法是希望看看用頻譜分析的方法來看看，地景的整體特性是否與物種豐富度或歧異度有關。
我抓了南庄航照圖的三個地方(開發程度或自然度不同)，由成果可初步看出在空間頻率的分佈上有明顯的不同(等高線的間距不同)，不過如何來檢定這樣的假設我還在找統計方法。
目前，在理論上我並沒有相關的知識來說明，就請有興趣的人發表一些看法囉!!

不過我倒是想到一些與整體空間頻率有關的指數。
1.塊區的形狀、大小、平均距離...應該會影響空間頻率。
2.破碎程度
3....

所以又想到那天林晏州老師在口試宜婷時說的"要把所有土地使用一起看"的想法，也就是說
如果我們先整體看(用這種整體性的分析)如果有差異，再來看個別指數的差異(或是個別土地使用的差異)...
不過這樣的邏輯我還不是想得很清楚???

ScienceDirect新服務

　　
有關老師前兩天轉寄給大家的ScienceDirect (就是台大總圖網站中的SDOS電子期刊資料庫)新服務:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/

1. 註冊加入會員的步驟還滿簡單的.
2. 新功能"Related Articles"使跨期刊找文章的功能變強了, 有點像使用google scholar, 當然範圍僅限SDOS, 是優點也是缺點.
3. 為了鼓勵使用者多多點閱, 增加了試吃...啊不是, 是免費預覽的功能, 以免使用者顧慮一開啟全文就要收費而不敢點.
4. Alert的功能我沒有用, 猜想跟訂閱誠品電子報的後果是一樣的, paper這種東西還是要用再去找比較好

　　　

國科會初擬架構_from Peiyi

之前跟老師討論後，目前的架構繪製如下：

第一年:H1. 景觀生態結構會影響物種指標。
第二年:H2. 景觀生態結構與物種指標會影響民眾對環境的認知。
第三年:H3. 景觀生態結構、物種指標與民眾對環境的認知會影響民眾的健康狀態。

不知各位有無更好內容建議與繪製的方式？
歡迎大家給予意見囉！

修改成這樣嗎?

好像順很多～

The field of Landscape Architecture

The department of landscape architecture can be find in the names of college or school in the following codes or their cobinations:

Arts, Design, Architecture, Agriculture Science, Urban Design, Planning, Landscape Architecture, Engineering, Environment, Natural Resources, Humanities

These codes pointing our the cross-disciplinary nature of the profession of the landscape architecture and its extent. Therefore, the related field like Park and Recreation (Leisure Studies), Landscape Ecology, Environmental science, Natural Resources Management, Forestry, Geography, Tourism... are all work closely or played as the basis or as the second degree of the graduate level in the field of landscape architecture.

The working field of the landscape architecture includes the Environment Management, Regional Planning, Rural and Urban Landscape Planning and Design, Recreational Planning, Recreational Management, Landscape Ecology, Gardening, and Landscape Research related to the above topics. They can work in the institutes of Landscape Architecture Associations, Academic Institutes, Government Agencies, and NGO.

The related government agencies includes the Construction and Planning Agency, National Parks, Urban / Rural Parks and Greenway, Tourism Bureau, National Scenic Areas, Festival, Public Construction Commission, Council of Agriculture (Leisure Farm, Rural Landscape), Bureau of Forestry, Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation, Environmental Protection Administration, Council of Cultural Affairs, Council of Indigenous Peoples, Ministry of Education ...

Besides the descriptions of the field of landscape architecture. the relationship between landscape architecture and recreation mamagement seems to be a hot topic that we need to discuss. Especially in Taiwan, different from the geology and social needs with foreign countries, the linkage between these two field are strong from profession's development and practice needs. With a small piece of island and small city realms compare to the cities in the United States, the relationship of landscape architecture and architecture and urban planning or urban design seems limited. On they other way, the rural planning and design, natural resource planning, and planning for the recreational areas plays a big part in the practice of landscape architecture. Therefore, when we looking back to our education system and looking the codes of the colleges and school that the dept. of landscape architecture belongs. What will be an accurate development in regards to the situation of Taiwan?

About environment empathy

Environmental empathy, although still need more clear definition, seems already exsiting in somewhere of our environmental cognition. When people say I feel great when I see the trees grow strong and health, doesn't it a like of empathy? Although we do not really know the "happiness" of the trees, but seems the mirror in our mind feels the happiness. Can these feelings extent to a landscape, a region, even to the earth? If it does, how large of our mind mirror can cantain? Furthermore, can we apply this as an professional ethic of the profession of landacpe architecture? What is the professional ethic of a landscape architecture?

Restorative Environment and Landscape Architecture

From the perspecive of landscape architecture, how to design an environment which can achieve the benefits of restorative is an important issue. Especially in the environment like hospital, health care, learning, office... There is a lot of research articles depicted the relationship between natural environment and attention restoration, stress release. These articles even pointing out the attributes of the benefits on psychological indicators like recovery, reflection and physiological indicators like heart rate, blood pressure, and brainwaves. However, from the perspective of landscape architecture, the planners and designers needs to how how to apply the research results into their projects and can produce the restorative effect in their works. therefore, how to depict the "environment" seems to be an critical theme for further studies. We need more studies to work on the environment side. Past researches have told us the nenefits of natural environment in comparisons to the urban or artificial environments. However, this is not good enough for landscape planners and designers to use on their pratical projects. Kaplan and Kaplan (ref.)tries to categories the features of the natural environment of being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility. It does give practice landscape architectures a guideline to follow. Researchers need to give criteria to designers of how to link the landscape elements, their composition, and configurations to these features to unravel the environment variables in the restorative environment.

瑋佳-進度報告和後續計畫-2

(二)投稿IALE_EU 2009

本學期專討主要在討論台北水源特定區的土地使用法規(land use regulations)和棲地分裂程度(habitat fragmentation, 以PD為指標), 前幾天試圖重新組織案例資料和結果, 重寫了一篇摘要http://cyc204.blogspot.com/2008/12/again-for-final.html, 同樣以改寫成Case study的研究為目的, 不過現在有更具體的想法, 初擬論文架構如下:

1. 理論架構: 淡水保護區中的土地使用管制對物種保育的功效 http://papayasu.blogspot.com/2008/12/case-study-of-legal-mechanism-for.html (尚未改寫完成)

2. 案例分析: 包括基地範圍與背景、土地使用分區、土地使用主管機關與法規、使用現況 (有資料但尚未撰寫或繪圖)

3. 論證過程: 以法規特性(立法年代與意旨)為影響因子, 並以物種多樣性和/或棲地分裂程度為指標 (尚未撰寫, 須考量以物種或以棲地結構為指標, 後者缺乏不同時間點的資料)

4. 理論建立: 本學期專討係單一時間點(2006年)的橫斷面研究, 研究結果簡述如下-- 相對而言, 研究基地內以溫泉法所"管"的範圍棲地分裂程度最為嚴重, 其特性有二: 一為資源主管機關(經濟部)與使用主管機關(交通部)不同; 二為土地使用管制由緊縮變為寬鬆(原屬森林法、水利法和河川管理辦法等法規, 後改屬溫泉法); 重新分析後當可歸納出更嚴謹的結果, 期能建立水源水質水量保護區土地使用與管理的理論.

在IALE_EU 2009發表後, 希望能夠有機會投稿Landscape and Urban Planning.

　　

二、下學期進度 (2009.2.1~2009.7.31)

(一)投稿ISSRM 2009

即之前張貼的新研究構想http://cyc204.blogspot.com/2008/11/new-abstract-new-research.html, 預計作為下學期專討; 在ISSRM 2009發表後, 希望有機會發展成可以投稿Biological Conservation等期刊的文章

(二)修習博士班必選修(5選3)的特論課 <--如果有開課的話

(三)博士論文proposal

　　

瑋佳-進度報告和後續計畫-1

　　　
<首次嘗試使用連結以利說明, 請大家點點看再告訴我看不看得懂>
　　　

一、本學期進度( ~2009.1.31)

(一)投稿 J. Therapeutic Horticulture (AHTA)

就是去年受訓時上課不專心的小研究, 經撰寫成文後, 老師提供全文修改意見, 並建議加1個設計案後投稿AHTA的期刊http://www.ahta.org/research/journal.cfm, 因為他們有接受設計案的投稿, 也就是期刊中的Therapeutic Landscape and Garden Design分類(一般學術研究論文應是投Research分類).

預定採case study的撰寫方式, 主要內容包括: a.理論架構的建立; b.案例分析與論證; c.理論對應與設計原則擬定; d.設計成果(造園館1樓)

由於整篇文章已撰就, 僅須增修部分內容, 預計學期結束前可完成; 目前進度如下:

1. Abstract http://papayasu.blogspot.com/2008/12/exploration-and-application-of-natural.html

2. Introduction (包含文獻回顧, 研究目的) http://papayasu.blogspot.com/2008/12/benefit-and-application-of-natural.html

3. The theoretical framework of the benefit of natural views http://papayasu.blogspot.com/2008/12/benefit-and-application-of-natural_17.html

4. Case study: an empirical investigation and analysis (尚未改寫原本的研究方法與研究結果)

5. Design principles (尚未改寫原研究結論)

6. Designing a classroom (尚未完成設計, 預計邀請具建築設計背景者擔任作者之一, 負責教室的再設計)

　　　　

About the "Categories" in the field of Landscape Architecture

Many student ask me questions about the field of Landscape Architecture. Expecially when they are planning to go abroad to pursue their degree in another country. I always has a lot to say but always feel the difficulty of how to express this complexity issue into a more clear framework. Maybe there is no clear framework in my mind yet.
In order to uncover this problem. I try to depict the field of Landscape Architecture from floowing approaches:

Q1. Who can join this field?
Q2. Types of research Insitute of Landscape Architecture
Q3. Future practices with a background from Landscape Architecture

Ans1: Of course, everyone can join this field once you are interesting in the field's work. However, how do I know am I interesting in the field of Landscape Architecture or not. Unfortunately, in order to get the answer of this question you have to know the answers of all the above 3 questions.

However, following are a long list with my knowledge of the "cases" of people from different field (after their Bachelor degree) continuing their degree in the research institute of Landscape Architecture and/or finally work in this field:
Architecture, Urban Planning, Civil Engineering, Water and Soil Conservation, Tourism, Leisure, Park and Recreation, Geology, Agriculture Extension, Horticulture, Agronomy, Forestry, Botany, Animal Science, Biology, Entomology, Mass Communication, Rural Planning, Applied Arts, Land Economics, Psychology, English and American Landguage and Literature, Ecology, Natural Resources Management, Public Health...

All the above cases cound be a reference for the ones that are interesting to the field of Landscape Architecture but not sure whether his background is ok or not.

Ans2: Basically, before I answer this question, I have to define my answer is appraoch from the aspect of Taiwan with my own experience. On the basis of helping bachelor and /or master students to develop their next step in the field of Landscape Architecture. Different people will have different extent in regard to the definition of field of Landscape Architecture.
The most common research institute is:

Professional Degree:

Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA)
Master of Design
Master of Environmental Design
Doctor of Design
Doctor of environmental Design

Scholarly Degree:

Master of Science
Doctor of Philosophy

Ans3: Planning and design projects can come from different instututes. Private or public owned agencies. Landscape researches, planning, design, management programs are all possible projects.

Landscape architecture associations (private) - planning and design projects
Academic associations - planning, research, and program projects
Academic institutes - planning, research, and program projects
SOHO - design
Government agencies - management, research, program, planning, and design

Construction and Planning Agency
- National Parks
- Urban and Rural Parks and Greenery
Tourism Bureau
- National Scenic Areas
- Festival
Council of Agriculture
- Leisure Farm
- Bureau of Forestry
- National Forest Recreational Areas
- National Forest Trails
- Narional Conservation Areas
Bureau of Water and Soil Conservation
- Rural Planning


I think this paragraph will need more fix and comments. Please give me you ideas.

瑋佳-專討摘要again (for final)

A case study of legal mechanism for controlling the land use in Taipei Water Source Domain

　　

　　

Taipei Water Source Domain (TWSD, 台北水源特定區), providing water supply for great Taipei region, is also expected to offer ecological habitats. People argue that the land use which is controlled by redundant legal mechanism (including agencies and regulations) directly affects the land cover types (LCTs) in this area.
This article concerns the fragmentation of ecological habitats and expects to clarify the impact resulted from the legal mechanism. As a typical descriptive case study, we focus on this question: (how) does legal mechanism of land use work? There are two following questions to concentrate our concepts: how do agencies share the responsibility to control the land use and how does the habitat fragmentation reflect the land use regulations.
We establish a theoretical framework to analyze the legal mechanism of land use in the freshwater protected areas. We collect the data through two approaches. The first one is to search the relative legal articles in Laws and Regulations Database of The Republic of China (全國法規資料庫). More than 20 laws/regulations and hundreds of articles are applied. The second one is to digitalize the aerial photos and select a sample of 50 sites to calculate the metrics of landscape fragment.
Based on our theoretical framework, we answer the research questions with the efficiency of the legal mechanism. First, the legal regulation of land use could work through critical punishment, no matter what the agencies are. Next, the legal mechanism prevents the illegal private development and behavior successfully, but fails to stop the existing development. The final finding is the legal mechanism indistinctly encourages the over-developing of local public sectors.

　　

　　

尺度變化的影響

ICLEE那天發的Landscape and ecological engineering volume3 no.1，第47頁有一篇關於changing scale的文章，內容大概是計算不同粒度的景觀結構指數，並把它們畫成曲線圖，看它們的變化。

曲線圖的X軸是粒度，由30m到300m，Y軸是各項指數。曲線往上的指數有Mean Patch Size和Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distence(Mean)；曲線往下的指數較多，有Aggregation, Cohesion, landscape shape, number of patches和total edge length；當然也有平平的，像是Class Area。

但是各個圖都有一個共通點，在粒度為100*100(與最小粒度面積比例為10)附近的時候，曲線開始不平順，上下劇烈變動，或開始有另一種階梯狀的線條出現。關於這個問題...我還沒看懂，下次再和大家說明，如果有興趣的話請跟有去ICLEE的人借來看看。

因為我發現有點難懂，所以在本篇文章的文獻中找了比較原始的一篇文章：Effects of changing spatial scale on the analysis of landscape pattern (Monica G. Turner, Robert V. O'Neill, Robert H. Gardner & Bruce T. Milne, 1989)。

文章中主要在觀察不同幅度與粒度下的景觀資料(landscape data)變化，是否會產生一個規則，並且使用Diversity(歧異度)、Dominace(優勢)和Contagion三種指數做分析，希望可以應用在未來測量不同景觀尺度的事件。因為我對粒度(grain)比較有興趣..所以目前只看了粒度的部分。

粒度從1*1個單位放大到50*50個單位，總共有18種粒度。在放大粒度時，例如1*1→2*2，LCTs(Land Cover types)屬性為四格中出現最多者；若四格內的LCTs屬性兩兩相同，則屬性則以隨機方式獲得。

結果為，LCTs類別的數量在七個不同景觀中，隨著粒度的變大而縮減。由6種縮減至3種，意思也就是粒度越大，則會忽略越多東西；以各LCTs類別佔全面積的比例來看，原本面積就佔多數的類別，會跟著粒度的增加而增加，其餘的類別則漸漸消失；如果類別之間的差異不大，變化也會比較緩和(見下圖)。

我在想，是不是在面積比例上有一個臨界值，過了這個臨界值，面積就會和粒度成正相關，反之則成負相關。

在比較三種指數的結果方面，不同的粒度對於Diversity數值有線性的關係，而Dominace和Contagion則無；但是在幅度上，Dominace和Contagion隨著粒度著增加，而Diversity則是呈現不同的反應。

指數的變化，是因為LCTs的數量(m)和面積比例(Pk)隨著幅度與粒度改變。而三種指數有不同的反應，則是因為指數本身的特性不同，對土地使用類型的數量和面積比例的關係也會不同，因此和changing scale才有不同的線性關係。

再回頭看那篇2006年的，景觀結構指數因為和土地使用類型(LCTs)有不同相關方式，所以曲線圖才會有好幾種不同的曲線。