瑋佳-Alberti等人(2007)*的研究

拜讀了Alberti等人(2007)*的研究後, 覺得可以把它視為一個用了量化方法的case study, 包括從質性資料中萃取出量化數據(例如常用的空間資料量化, 以及選定都市化程度指標),和一般量化研究有個小小的不同, 就是文獻回顧的部分不多, 並非作為各個變項的"依據", 而是分析架構的建立, 所用的資料分析方法為pattern matching.

1.研究問題
景觀型態(landscape patterns)由都市到鄉村的漸變如何影響生態性(ecological condition)? 由此衍生出3個子題: 用以描述景觀型態的變項如何依發展強度而漸變? 景觀結構指數對生態性變化的預測力有多重要? 都市型態與生態性的關係如何隨空間尺度改變?
2.pattern建立
研究中回顧了相關文獻, 連結出都市型態與溪流生態的關係, 並據以提出假設
3.研究基地
選定美國西北岸的普吉特灣區(Puget Sound)內42條支流流域為研究基地.
4.資料收集與呈現
研究中調查了4種變項, 用以描述都市型態及其由都市到鄉村的漸變: 土地使用強度(land use intensity), 土地使用型態(landcover composition), 景觀結構(landscape configuration), 以及不透水面積連結性(connectivity of the impervious area), 分別有若干個測量項目, 例如土地使用強度包含道路密度, 人口密度, 商業區面積比等.
5.研究結果
結果當然是很多也很好, 不過在此我只想摘錄最值得我專討時效法的1張圖. 橫軸部分是都市到鄉村漸變的梯度(grandient), 在此以不透水面積的比例代表, 縱軸則是各LCTs所佔的比例. 其他結果恕刪, haha~

*Alberti, M. et al. (2007). The impact of urban patterns on aquatic ecosystems: An empirical analysisin Puget lowland sub-basins. Landscape and Urban Planning, 80(4), 345–361.

瑋佳-Stream communities across a rural-urban landscape gradient

Urban, MC, Skelly, DK, Burchsted, D, Price, W, Lowry, S (2006) Stream communities across a rural-urban landscape gradient, Diversity and Distributions, 12, 337-350.

研究目的
作者在5種不同的空間尺度上驗證環境品質與無脊椎動物群落組成的關係。
　
研究假設
1.無脊椎動物群落組成受溪流棲地和物化條件的影響
2.集水區土地使用和河濱植栽的變化可用以預測無脊椎動物群落的組成
3.河道之間的遷徙決定了無脊椎動物群落的變異
　
研究取樣
將West河、Mill河和Quinnipiac河60條1級和2級河川列表，選取其中地質組成和集水區面積都類似的18條作為研究地點。
　
研究變項
1.自變項
(1)都市化程度：計算18條河川的集水區中每公頃土地的戶數(households)，作為都市化的指標
(2)環境品質測值：在每條河川的集水區範圍內分別劃定4種不同的空間尺度：棲地單位(habitat unit)、河道(stream reach)、河濱廊道(riparian corridor)及集水區(watershed)，分別收集不同層次的環境品質測值，例如針對棲地單位計算淺灘比例或平均深度、針對河道測量pH值或溶氧量(DO)、針對河濱廊道計算喬木多樣性或外來種比例，以及針對集水區計算景觀結構(LCTs%)等
2.依變項：無脊椎動物歧異度和豐度
　
分析方法
1.都市化和物種相關性：迴歸分析
2.空間尺度對物種預測力：Redundancy analysis (RDA)
　
研究結果
1.單位戶數(取ln)和人為土地使用比例呈非線性正相關(p<0.01)
2.單位戶數(取ln)和無脊椎動物平均種數呈線性負相關(p<0.0001)
3.大尺度環境品質測值對無脊椎動物多樣性和豐度預測能力較佳，以河濱廊道的植栽結構預測能力最佳，其次為集水區的景觀結構，兩者均在30%左右
4.空間層次的網絡距離(network distance)對無脊椎動物多樣性和豐度有41%的預測能力
5.β-diversity(棲地間無脊椎動物群落組成差異性)與集水區都市化程度呈線性負相關(p<0.01)，但環境品質測值的變異和棲地並無統計上的顯著關係，可知此一結果並不是棲地差異的同質化所致
　
重要結論
大尺度環境因子對物種組成的影響大於小尺度，河川復育若以棲地復舊為主，成效非常有限，解決集水區之內與之間的分裂情況才是最重要的。
　

瑋佳-進度報告和後續計畫-2

(二)投稿IALE_EU 2009

本學期專討主要在討論台北水源特定區的土地使用法規(land use regulations)和棲地分裂程度(habitat fragmentation, 以PD為指標), 前幾天試圖重新組織案例資料和結果, 重寫了一篇摘要http://cyc204.blogspot.com/2008/12/again-for-final.html, 同樣以改寫成Case study的研究為目的, 不過現在有更具體的想法, 初擬論文架構如下:

1. 理論架構: 淡水保護區中的土地使用管制對物種保育的功效 http://papayasu.blogspot.com/2008/12/case-study-of-legal-mechanism-for.html (尚未改寫完成)

2. 案例分析: 包括基地範圍與背景、土地使用分區、土地使用主管機關與法規、使用現況 (有資料但尚未撰寫或繪圖)

3. 論證過程: 以法規特性(立法年代與意旨)為影響因子, 並以物種多樣性和/或棲地分裂程度為指標 (尚未撰寫, 須考量以物種或以棲地結構為指標, 後者缺乏不同時間點的資料)

4. 理論建立: 本學期專討係單一時間點(2006年)的橫斷面研究, 研究結果簡述如下-- 相對而言, 研究基地內以溫泉法所"管"的範圍棲地分裂程度最為嚴重, 其特性有二: 一為資源主管機關(經濟部)與使用主管機關(交通部)不同; 二為土地使用管制由緊縮變為寬鬆(原屬森林法、水利法和河川管理辦法等法規, 後改屬溫泉法); 重新分析後當可歸納出更嚴謹的結果, 期能建立水源水質水量保護區土地使用與管理的理論.

在IALE_EU 2009發表後, 希望能夠有機會投稿Landscape and Urban Planning.

　　

二、下學期進度 (2009.2.1~2009.7.31)

(一)投稿ISSRM 2009

即之前張貼的新研究構想http://cyc204.blogspot.com/2008/11/new-abstract-new-research.html, 預計作為下學期專討; 在ISSRM 2009發表後, 希望有機會發展成可以投稿Biological Conservation等期刊的文章

(二)修習博士班必選修(5選3)的特論課 <--如果有開課的話

(三)博士論文proposal

　　

瑋佳-專討摘要again (for final)

A case study of legal mechanism for controlling the land use in Taipei Water Source Domain

　　

　　

Taipei Water Source Domain (TWSD, 台北水源特定區), providing water supply for great Taipei region, is also expected to offer ecological habitats. People argue that the land use which is controlled by redundant legal mechanism (including agencies and regulations) directly affects the land cover types (LCTs) in this area.
This article concerns the fragmentation of ecological habitats and expects to clarify the impact resulted from the legal mechanism. As a typical descriptive case study, we focus on this question: (how) does legal mechanism of land use work? There are two following questions to concentrate our concepts: how do agencies share the responsibility to control the land use and how does the habitat fragmentation reflect the land use regulations.
We establish a theoretical framework to analyze the legal mechanism of land use in the freshwater protected areas. We collect the data through two approaches. The first one is to search the relative legal articles in Laws and Regulations Database of The Republic of China (全國法規資料庫). More than 20 laws/regulations and hundreds of articles are applied. The second one is to digitalize the aerial photos and select a sample of 50 sites to calculate the metrics of landscape fragment.
Based on our theoretical framework, we answer the research questions with the efficiency of the legal mechanism. First, the legal regulation of land use could work through critical punishment, no matter what the agencies are. Next, the legal mechanism prevents the illegal private development and behavior successfully, but fails to stop the existing development. The final finding is the legal mechanism indistinctly encourages the over-developing of local public sectors.

　　

　　

瑋佳-專討摘要again

Assessing Landscape Ecology in the Protected Area

[In Chinese]理論上良好的土地使用法規可以使保護區維持良好的景觀結構，因而形成良好的生態棲地，本研究選擇台北水源特定區為基地，以法規條文作為文本進行管理單位和管理層面的編碼，作為代表現行法規制度的自變項，並選擇50個樣點，以航照圖數化後計算可代表景觀破碎度的指數，作為代表棲地分裂程度的依變項，利用回歸分析找出現行法規中影響保護區棲地分裂的因子和其影響程度，期能作為計畫修正與立法的依據。

In the protected area, it is necessary to establish a legal mechanism to maintain the environmental quality. Take an example of Taipei Water Source Domain (台北水源特定區), there are numbers of administrative agencies controlling the land use. The legal mechanism directly affects the land cover types (LCTs) in this area. Based on landscape ecology, the landscape ecological functions are affected by the landscape ecological structure, which means the LCTs, their composition, and their configuration.
In order to examine the efficiency of the legal mechanism, we focus on the following questions: (How) does land use regulation affect? (What dimension) do multiple administrative agencies result in gaps of legal mechanism? We carry out a three-phase research to analyze the current legal mechanism and its efficiency.
In the first phase, we apply a typical context analysis to define the land use control measures and agencies. We collect the relative legal articles in Laws and Regulations Database of The Republic of China (全國法規資料庫), and code them with ATLAS.ti. Meanwhile, we digitalize the aerial photos and select a sample of 50 sites to calculate the metrics of landscape fragment with FRAGSTATS. The meaning of this step is to identify the current habitat fragment resulted from legal mechanism.
In the final phase, we apply statistical analysis to examine the correlation of land use regulation and habitat fragment. One of the probable statistical tools is the regression analysis. We expect to discuss the contribution of each code, such as administration or punishment.
The main expected result of the research is the efficiency of current legal mechanism to ensure the habitat completeness through land use control. It also suggests the direction of the Taipei Water Source Domain Plan, even the legislation.

瑋佳-專討的introduction

表訂題目是Assessing the landscae ecology in the protecte area

研究動機: 土地使用直接影響景觀結構, 但當保護區的管理工作中同時存在許多機關和法規時, 會造成什麼影響?
研究問題: 土地使用法規影響景觀結構的層面為何? 是否(如何)反映在景觀生態分析上?

Introduction的摘要
永續規劃與管理的原則須轉化成土地使用的法令和規範方能落實, 而土地使用法規的成效須從兩個面向討論, 即法規的制定與法規的執行. 理論上良好的土地使用法規可以使保護區維持良好的景觀結構, 而景觀結構的概念中已包括了景觀元素和其組成所代表的使用行為; 然而在台灣有許多情況是在看似不違法的範圍內超限利用, 在具有多重管理機關和法規的保護區中更是如此, 例如台北水源特定區, 使得環境中隱藏了無法由景觀結構判斷的潛在威脅, 因此, 法規周全與否可能會影響到景觀生態分析的結果, 導致研究成果無法回饋到環境的調查, 監測, 評估, 規劃與管理等實務上.
因此, 本研究提出兩個研究問題, 期能以文本分析評估台北水源特定區現行土地使用法規的周全性後, 再選取法規系統相異的樣點, 分別評估其景觀生態分析的結果, 藉以瞭解其影響.

以下是受限於英文寫作能力的Introduction初稿, 這次的專討讓我開始認真"反省"直接用英文寫的堅持, 從大腦到手到紙(電腦螢幕)再從眼睛到大腦的過程不流暢, 對思考有很大的負面影響, 嚴重delay這次專討的進度......
Freshwater demands and endangered ecosystem promote the protected area established to protect freshwater habitats and resources (Blaine et al., 2006; Saunders et al., 2002). Since research about landscape and ecology is moving from concept to practice (Ashley et al., 2006), there are numbers of principles for sustainable planning and management, suggested by scientists and ecologists, transferred into legal regulations. The efficiency of legal regulations depends upon two dimensions. First, how is the regulations established? It is difficult to ensure the sustainable planning and management could be practiced in protected areas, especially when land use regulations are administrated by different agencies (Conway and Lathrop, 2005). Second, how is the regulations carried out? It is an interesting issue in Taiwan. The illegal usage challenges the regulations in the grey area and leads to the potential impact to ecological functions in landscape. It is very significant in the freshwater protected area, such as of the Taipei Water Source Domain, where there are critical regulations to limit development.
Based on landscape ecology, we discuss the influence of spatial pattern on ecological processes. In the general analysis, the landscape structure means the landscape elements and their composition. It usually represents the using behaviors which might impact the ecological process in landscape. Through the legal mechanism, the land use regulation is one of the most important factors to decide the landscape structure theoretically (Manebe et al., 2007). However, because of the grey usage, there are potential impacts in the protected area. In this research, we address two questions: (What dimension) do legal regulations affect the land use? (How) does it reflect on landscape ecological analysis?
This research focuses on the Taipei Water Source Domain, the water source supplying great Taipei. The scope covers Hsin-Dian, Wulai, Hsu-Din, Pinlin and Shuangsi, mainly five townships of the Taipei County. This extensive area is about 717 square kilometers and accounts for 1/3 of the whole Taipei county administration area. It has been the only legal freshwater protected areas in urban plan system since 1984. The duty agency is Taipei Water Management Office (TWMO), Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs. However, due to the urbanization and tourism, the Taipei Water Source Domain Plan had to permit the existed commercial and residential districts, even an amusement park. Besides, there are also national forest recreational area, flora protected area, schools, farms, and orchards regulated by different agencies and laws. This research focuses the impact of land use regulations on the landscape ecological analysis in the Taipei Water Source Domain.