粒度與幅度part2

我之前都以為粒度(grain)是已經決定好、不能改變的，就像是這個景觀從空中看下去的細緻程度。

但是總覺得怪怪的...因為在幅度(extent)上，我們可以選擇分析的區域範圍，就是宜婷學姐的論文談及的。既然幅度可以選擇大小，那相同概念的粒度也可以選擇大小!也就是當我們想要討論某種物種，就用那個物種適合的粒度大小去分析。

其實我是看到下面這張圖，才想到的。

圖片來源：Mark Hostetler & C. S. Holling, (2000), "Detecting the scales at which birds respondto structure in urban landscapes", Urban Ecosystems, 4, page 26

適合分析老鷹的景觀幅度(extent)是8*8km，小鳥是0.2*0.2km

那適合分析老鷹的景觀粒度(grain)是圖中那些較大的塊區(田、樹叢、社區)，小鳥的則是樹、房子等等比較小的塊區。

我們在做研究的時候，一個景觀裡存在很多種物種，尺度的需求從大到小都有，所以要用最小的粒度和最大的幅度(通常就是研究基地範圍)去分析，分析的影像解析度就必須要能夠解釋最小的粒度。

是這樣嗎?

【補充】
我在兩本書(Measuring Landscape, Land Mosaic)都看到，影像解析度最好為欲分析粒度的25~50%大小，或粒度為解析度的2~5倍面積大小。

瑋佳-專討的methods and data

3. Methods and data
3.1 Methods
This research, which is a mixed research with qualificative and quantitative methods, has two phases. In the first phase, we apply the context analysis to indicate how the regulations were established and how the regulations were carried out. The materials are relative regulations and the interviews with local residents Taipei Water Source Domain.
In the second phase, we select six sites with different regulation systems to examine the landscape ecological analysis. Based on the previous research, we adopt the correlation of landscape structure and bird species as the indicator of the quality of landscape ecological analysis (也就是毛毛說的景觀結構解釋力).

3.2 Data and analysis
3.2.1 text collection and analysis
根據前述文獻回顧與基地基本背景，本研究定義法規文本分析之範圍為與水源水質水量保護區及生態保護區相關之法、細則、辦法、條例、標準(以下簡稱法規)，文本收集的第1個步驟係利用中華民國全國法規資料庫(http://law.moj.gov.tw/)作為主要法規文本查詢平台，首先分別以「水源」及「生態」為關鍵字搜尋相關法條，各獲得近200筆搜尋結果，亦即將近200部法規，分別有若干法條包含「水源」或「生態」一詞，從中篩選取與水源水質水量保護區及生態保護區相關者，包括河川法、森林法、水土保持法等20部法規，將其相關條文存入本研究之法規文本資料庫。
第2個步驟係以前述20部法規為基礎，分別以「土地使用」、「水質水量保護區」、「河川」、「規劃」及「風景特定區」為關鍵字，搜尋與水源水質水量保護區及生態保護區相關之法條，最後共獲得23部法規，收集約140項條文。
第3個步驟係以台北縣都市計畫為基礎收集基地內所實施的都市計畫，基地內雖劃有烏來風景特定區，但並未公告烏來風景特定區計畫，故僅以變更台北水源特定區計畫第二次主要計畫通盤檢討(The second reviewing of the Taipei Water Source Domain Plan)為文本。
3.2.2 landscape ecological analysis
本研究以「新店溪(含南、北勢溪)水與綠生態環境營造先期規劃研究(TWMO, 2007)」之景觀生態調查結果為分析對象，其相關性分析中，自變項為景觀結構指數(包括barabara)，依變項為鳥類物種指數(包括barabara)。
本研究將以簡單迴歸分析驗證法規制定成效與法規執行成效對景觀生態分析的相關性，以及兩個因子的貢獻程度。

瑋佳-專討的introduction

表訂題目是Assessing the landscae ecology in the protecte area

研究動機: 土地使用直接影響景觀結構, 但當保護區的管理工作中同時存在許多機關和法規時, 會造成什麼影響?
研究問題: 土地使用法規影響景觀結構的層面為何? 是否(如何)反映在景觀生態分析上?

Introduction的摘要
永續規劃與管理的原則須轉化成土地使用的法令和規範方能落實, 而土地使用法規的成效須從兩個面向討論, 即法規的制定與法規的執行. 理論上良好的土地使用法規可以使保護區維持良好的景觀結構, 而景觀結構的概念中已包括了景觀元素和其組成所代表的使用行為; 然而在台灣有許多情況是在看似不違法的範圍內超限利用, 在具有多重管理機關和法規的保護區中更是如此, 例如台北水源特定區, 使得環境中隱藏了無法由景觀結構判斷的潛在威脅, 因此, 法規周全與否可能會影響到景觀生態分析的結果, 導致研究成果無法回饋到環境的調查, 監測, 評估, 規劃與管理等實務上.
因此, 本研究提出兩個研究問題, 期能以文本分析評估台北水源特定區現行土地使用法規的周全性後, 再選取法規系統相異的樣點, 分別評估其景觀生態分析的結果, 藉以瞭解其影響.

以下是受限於英文寫作能力的Introduction初稿, 這次的專討讓我開始認真"反省"直接用英文寫的堅持, 從大腦到手到紙(電腦螢幕)再從眼睛到大腦的過程不流暢, 對思考有很大的負面影響, 嚴重delay這次專討的進度......
Freshwater demands and endangered ecosystem promote the protected area established to protect freshwater habitats and resources (Blaine et al., 2006; Saunders et al., 2002). Since research about landscape and ecology is moving from concept to practice (Ashley et al., 2006), there are numbers of principles for sustainable planning and management, suggested by scientists and ecologists, transferred into legal regulations. The efficiency of legal regulations depends upon two dimensions. First, how is the regulations established? It is difficult to ensure the sustainable planning and management could be practiced in protected areas, especially when land use regulations are administrated by different agencies (Conway and Lathrop, 2005). Second, how is the regulations carried out? It is an interesting issue in Taiwan. The illegal usage challenges the regulations in the grey area and leads to the potential impact to ecological functions in landscape. It is very significant in the freshwater protected area, such as of the Taipei Water Source Domain, where there are critical regulations to limit development.
Based on landscape ecology, we discuss the influence of spatial pattern on ecological processes. In the general analysis, the landscape structure means the landscape elements and their composition. It usually represents the using behaviors which might impact the ecological process in landscape. Through the legal mechanism, the land use regulation is one of the most important factors to decide the landscape structure theoretically (Manebe et al., 2007). However, because of the grey usage, there are potential impacts in the protected area. In this research, we address two questions: (What dimension) do legal regulations affect the land use? (How) does it reflect on landscape ecological analysis?
This research focuses on the Taipei Water Source Domain, the water source supplying great Taipei. The scope covers Hsin-Dian, Wulai, Hsu-Din, Pinlin and Shuangsi, mainly five townships of the Taipei County. This extensive area is about 717 square kilometers and accounts for 1/3 of the whole Taipei county administration area. It has been the only legal freshwater protected areas in urban plan system since 1984. The duty agency is Taipei Water Management Office (TWMO), Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs. However, due to the urbanization and tourism, the Taipei Water Source Domain Plan had to permit the existed commercial and residential districts, even an amusement park. Besides, there are also national forest recreational area, flora protected area, schools, farms, and orchards regulated by different agencies and laws. This research focuses the impact of land use regulations on the landscape ecological analysis in the Taipei Water Source Domain.

!!!最新問題...有人知道原因?

1. 自己寫的NOTE不能修改, 那支可以按一下來編輯NOTE的筆不見了(這一篇又好了,但之前一段還是有問題).
2. 右上角新的COMMENT LIST一直跑跑不出來.