The department of landscape architecture can be find in the names of college or school in the following codes or their cobinations:
Arts, Design, Architecture, Agriculture Science, Urban Design, Planning, Landscape Architecture, Engineering, Environment, Natural Resources, Humanities
These codes pointing our the cross-disciplinary nature of the profession of the landscape architecture and its extent. Therefore, the related field like Park and Recreation (Leisure Studies), Landscape Ecology, Environmental science, Natural Resources Management, Forestry, Geography, Tourism... are all work closely or played as the basis or as the second degree of the graduate level in the field of landscape architecture.
The working field of the landscape architecture includes the Environment Management, Regional Planning, Rural and Urban Landscape Planning and Design, Recreational Planning, Recreational Management, Landscape Ecology, Gardening, and Landscape Research related to the above topics. They can work in the institutes of Landscape Architecture Associations, Academic Institutes, Government Agencies, and NGO.
The related government agencies includes the Construction and Planning Agency, National Parks, Urban / Rural Parks and Greenway, Tourism Bureau, National Scenic Areas, Festival, Public Construction Commission, Council of Agriculture (Leisure Farm, Rural Landscape), Bureau of Forestry, Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation, Environmental Protection Administration, Council of Cultural Affairs, Council of Indigenous Peoples, Ministry of Education ...
Besides the descriptions of the field of landscape architecture. the relationship between landscape architecture and recreation mamagement seems to be a hot topic that we need to discuss. Especially in Taiwan, different from the geology and social needs with foreign countries, the linkage between these two field are strong from profession's development and practice needs. With a small piece of island and small city realms compare to the cities in the United States, the relationship of landscape architecture and architecture and urban planning or urban design seems limited. On they other way, the rural planning and design, natural resource planning, and planning for the recreational areas plays a big part in the practice of landscape architecture. Therefore, when we looking back to our education system and looking the codes of the colleges and school that the dept. of landscape architecture belongs. What will be an accurate development in regards to the situation of Taiwan?
Showing posts with label natureal environment. Show all posts
Showing posts with label natureal environment. Show all posts
12/21/2008
11/14/2008
green spaces can reduce health inequality between social classes
A Britain’s study was published in special issue of The Lancet, which focuses on social and environmental factors of public health. Dr. Richard Mitchell, of the University of Glasgow, and his colleagues made an argument that health inequalities between rich and poor groups are much lower in areas that have lots of green spaces, such as parks, forests and playing fields.
Mitchell and his team noted that previous studies have shown that present to the natural environment, or so-called green space, has an independent effect on health and health-related behaviors. They examined whether income-related health disparities would be less pronounced in populations with greater access to green space.
They looked at the almost 41 million people in England below retirement age and obtained individual death records for 366,348 people to determine the association between exposure to green space, income, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific death (circulatory disease, lung cancer and suicide) from 2001 to 2005.
The study result revealed that health inequalities related to income deprivation in all-cause mortality and mortality from circulatory diseases were lower in populations living in the greener areas. In areas with the least green space, the health gap between the richest and poorest people was about half as large as that in the greenest areas -- an incident rate ratio (IRR) of 1.93 in the least green and 1.43 in the most green. IRR is a measure of how much higher the rate of death is among the poorest, when compared with that among the richest. The difference in IRR for circulatory disease was even larger - 2.19 in the least green areas and 1.54 in the most green. However, the amount of green space had no effect on deaths caused by lung cancer or suicide.
Evidence suggests that green environments which also promote or enhance beneficial physical activities may reduce risk of death from circulatory disease. Populations that are exposed to the greenest environments have lowest levels of health inequality related to income deprivation. ”Physical environments that promote good health might be crucial to reduce socioeconomic health inequalities,” Mitchell and colleagues concluded.
The study offers an idea in depth, which social welfare departments, health authorities and city planning decision-makers should consider green spaces in a serious way. The physical environment of residential areas could be important for risk of circulatory disease. The effect of green environments is not only based on aesthetic or leisure, but also on improvement of citizen’s health and diminution of social inequality. When we try to establish a completed social welfare system for deprived group, the restorative values of natural spaces should be included in our consideration. The network of greenway or green space system which increases opportunities to access nature could be viewed as another approach to improve the well-being of lower income group and to eliminate the basic disparity of different social classes.
Mitchell, R. and F. Popham (2008). Effect of Exposure to Natural Environment on Health Inequalities: An Observational Population. Lancet, 372, 1655–1660.
Mitchell and his team noted that previous studies have shown that present to the natural environment, or so-called green space, has an independent effect on health and health-related behaviors. They examined whether income-related health disparities would be less pronounced in populations with greater access to green space.
They looked at the almost 41 million people in England below retirement age and obtained individual death records for 366,348 people to determine the association between exposure to green space, income, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific death (circulatory disease, lung cancer and suicide) from 2001 to 2005.
The study result revealed that health inequalities related to income deprivation in all-cause mortality and mortality from circulatory diseases were lower in populations living in the greener areas. In areas with the least green space, the health gap between the richest and poorest people was about half as large as that in the greenest areas -- an incident rate ratio (IRR) of 1.93 in the least green and 1.43 in the most green. IRR is a measure of how much higher the rate of death is among the poorest, when compared with that among the richest. The difference in IRR for circulatory disease was even larger - 2.19 in the least green areas and 1.54 in the most green. However, the amount of green space had no effect on deaths caused by lung cancer or suicide.
Evidence suggests that green environments which also promote or enhance beneficial physical activities may reduce risk of death from circulatory disease. Populations that are exposed to the greenest environments have lowest levels of health inequality related to income deprivation. ”Physical environments that promote good health might be crucial to reduce socioeconomic health inequalities,” Mitchell and colleagues concluded.
The study offers an idea in depth, which social welfare departments, health authorities and city planning decision-makers should consider green spaces in a serious way. The physical environment of residential areas could be important for risk of circulatory disease. The effect of green environments is not only based on aesthetic or leisure, but also on improvement of citizen’s health and diminution of social inequality. When we try to establish a completed social welfare system for deprived group, the restorative values of natural spaces should be included in our consideration. The network of greenway or green space system which increases opportunities to access nature could be viewed as another approach to improve the well-being of lower income group and to eliminate the basic disparity of different social classes.
Mitchell, R. and F. Popham (2008). Effect of Exposure to Natural Environment on Health Inequalities: An Observational Population. Lancet, 372, 1655–1660.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
