宜君的專討摘要

Previous research has indicated that to induce empathy for the environment leads to the activation of pro-environmental intentions. Environmental art activities are here proposed to serve as media to induce environmental empathy. In this study, environmental art is used to refer to art dealing with ecological and/or environmental issues. During developing process of an environmental art project, a lot of techniques are used to investigate the site. It is hypothesized that this way of learning about a place and presenting responses of it leads to the forming of empathy for the environment. A group of college students who attained an environmental art course were interviewed to examine qualitative aspects of environmental art activities in forming environmental empathy. Interviews were digital-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were content-analyzed, looking for commonalties and distinctions between individual accounts. Participants spoke of experiences of forming affective and cognitive responses toward the environment through activities and the kind of relationships they develop with environment. It is also found that the representational characteristic of environmental art activities facilitates the formation of environmental empathy.

昨天的景觀笑意....有關生態行為

如何能促成更多的生態行為呢?

Hartig, Kaiser, Bowler(2001)觀察到，許多環境運動者以及環境議題倡導者所使用的方法中，除了不斷以警告、呼籲等方法提醒人們環境危機的負面危害之外，更以正向的態度及手段帶領人們探索環境、認識環境、進而欣賞環境。這樣的推廣方式在現實的社會環境中確實獲得一定的成果，但仍然存有疑惑。Hartig, Kaiser, Bowler(2001)以研究替這樣的行動建立實證基礎，發現能夠欣賞環境的魅力(fascination)，或者說增加欣賞環境魅力的經驗，是預測環境行為重要的指標。

Schultz(2001)指出環境關懷的結構(the structure of environmental concern)包含三個層次:關心自我、關心他人、及關心生物圈。以價值取向來說他們各自代表了害怕失去對自我有價值的、害怕失去對他人有價值的、以及害怕失去對整體生物圈有價值的事等三個層次。三個層次中其實都隱含了個體本身對環境的評價。因此，以各種手段提高個體感知環境與人(個人以及人類群體)的利害關係是提高環境關懷以及生態行為的關鍵。

在Hartig, Kaiser, Bowler(2001)一文中所提的例子或許可以將兩者的說法做一連結。文中提到，一個純粹欣賞自然環境的活動比一個在自然環境中的摩托車活動更能預期活動後生態行為的產生。前者事件中行為者把活動的焦點放在人與環境的互動中，後者則多半專注於活動進行的事件本身。欣賞自然環境的活動增加了個體欣賞環境魅力的經驗，也同時提高了個體感知環境、了解環境並建立關係的機會。

針對生態行為的研究仍有許多，或許還有著更多元的活動或是方法，或者更關鍵的因素仍待發掘。僅為粗淺想法。