ScienceDirect新服務

　　
有關老師前兩天轉寄給大家的ScienceDirect (就是台大總圖網站中的SDOS電子期刊資料庫)新服務:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/

1. 註冊加入會員的步驟還滿簡單的.
2. 新功能"Related Articles"使跨期刊找文章的功能變強了, 有點像使用google scholar, 當然範圍僅限SDOS, 是優點也是缺點.
3. 為了鼓勵使用者多多點閱, 增加了試吃...啊不是, 是免費預覽的功能, 以免使用者顧慮一開啟全文就要收費而不敢點.
4. Alert的功能我沒有用, 猜想跟訂閱誠品電子報的後果是一樣的, paper這種東西還是要用再去找比較好

　　　

國科會初擬架構_from Peiyi

之前跟老師討論後，目前的架構繪製如下：

第一年:H1. 景觀生態結構會影響物種指標。
第二年:H2. 景觀生態結構與物種指標會影響民眾對環境的認知。
第三年:H3. 景觀生態結構、物種指標與民眾對環境的認知會影響民眾的健康狀態。

不知各位有無更好內容建議與繪製的方式？
歡迎大家給予意見囉！

修改成這樣嗎?

好像順很多～

The field of Landscape Architecture

The department of landscape architecture can be find in the names of college or school in the following codes or their cobinations:

Arts, Design, Architecture, Agriculture Science, Urban Design, Planning, Landscape Architecture, Engineering, Environment, Natural Resources, Humanities

These codes pointing our the cross-disciplinary nature of the profession of the landscape architecture and its extent. Therefore, the related field like Park and Recreation (Leisure Studies), Landscape Ecology, Environmental science, Natural Resources Management, Forestry, Geography, Tourism... are all work closely or played as the basis or as the second degree of the graduate level in the field of landscape architecture.

The working field of the landscape architecture includes the Environment Management, Regional Planning, Rural and Urban Landscape Planning and Design, Recreational Planning, Recreational Management, Landscape Ecology, Gardening, and Landscape Research related to the above topics. They can work in the institutes of Landscape Architecture Associations, Academic Institutes, Government Agencies, and NGO.

The related government agencies includes the Construction and Planning Agency, National Parks, Urban / Rural Parks and Greenway, Tourism Bureau, National Scenic Areas, Festival, Public Construction Commission, Council of Agriculture (Leisure Farm, Rural Landscape), Bureau of Forestry, Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation, Environmental Protection Administration, Council of Cultural Affairs, Council of Indigenous Peoples, Ministry of Education ...

Besides the descriptions of the field of landscape architecture. the relationship between landscape architecture and recreation mamagement seems to be a hot topic that we need to discuss. Especially in Taiwan, different from the geology and social needs with foreign countries, the linkage between these two field are strong from profession's development and practice needs. With a small piece of island and small city realms compare to the cities in the United States, the relationship of landscape architecture and architecture and urban planning or urban design seems limited. On they other way, the rural planning and design, natural resource planning, and planning for the recreational areas plays a big part in the practice of landscape architecture. Therefore, when we looking back to our education system and looking the codes of the colleges and school that the dept. of landscape architecture belongs. What will be an accurate development in regards to the situation of Taiwan?

About environment empathy

Environmental empathy, although still need more clear definition, seems already exsiting in somewhere of our environmental cognition. When people say I feel great when I see the trees grow strong and health, doesn't it a like of empathy? Although we do not really know the "happiness" of the trees, but seems the mirror in our mind feels the happiness. Can these feelings extent to a landscape, a region, even to the earth? If it does, how large of our mind mirror can cantain? Furthermore, can we apply this as an professional ethic of the profession of landacpe architecture? What is the professional ethic of a landscape architecture?

Restorative Environment and Landscape Architecture

From the perspecive of landscape architecture, how to design an environment which can achieve the benefits of restorative is an important issue. Especially in the environment like hospital, health care, learning, office... There is a lot of research articles depicted the relationship between natural environment and attention restoration, stress release. These articles even pointing out the attributes of the benefits on psychological indicators like recovery, reflection and physiological indicators like heart rate, blood pressure, and brainwaves. However, from the perspective of landscape architecture, the planners and designers needs to how how to apply the research results into their projects and can produce the restorative effect in their works. therefore, how to depict the "environment" seems to be an critical theme for further studies. We need more studies to work on the environment side. Past researches have told us the nenefits of natural environment in comparisons to the urban or artificial environments. However, this is not good enough for landscape planners and designers to use on their pratical projects. Kaplan and Kaplan (ref.)tries to categories the features of the natural environment of being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility. It does give practice landscape architectures a guideline to follow. Researchers need to give criteria to designers of how to link the landscape elements, their composition, and configurations to these features to unravel the environment variables in the restorative environment.

瑋佳-進度報告和後續計畫-2

(二)投稿IALE_EU 2009

本學期專討主要在討論台北水源特定區的土地使用法規(land use regulations)和棲地分裂程度(habitat fragmentation, 以PD為指標), 前幾天試圖重新組織案例資料和結果, 重寫了一篇摘要http://cyc204.blogspot.com/2008/12/again-for-final.html, 同樣以改寫成Case study的研究為目的, 不過現在有更具體的想法, 初擬論文架構如下:

1. 理論架構: 淡水保護區中的土地使用管制對物種保育的功效 http://papayasu.blogspot.com/2008/12/case-study-of-legal-mechanism-for.html (尚未改寫完成)

2. 案例分析: 包括基地範圍與背景、土地使用分區、土地使用主管機關與法規、使用現況 (有資料但尚未撰寫或繪圖)

3. 論證過程: 以法規特性(立法年代與意旨)為影響因子, 並以物種多樣性和/或棲地分裂程度為指標 (尚未撰寫, 須考量以物種或以棲地結構為指標, 後者缺乏不同時間點的資料)

4. 理論建立: 本學期專討係單一時間點(2006年)的橫斷面研究, 研究結果簡述如下-- 相對而言, 研究基地內以溫泉法所"管"的範圍棲地分裂程度最為嚴重, 其特性有二: 一為資源主管機關(經濟部)與使用主管機關(交通部)不同; 二為土地使用管制由緊縮變為寬鬆(原屬森林法、水利法和河川管理辦法等法規, 後改屬溫泉法); 重新分析後當可歸納出更嚴謹的結果, 期能建立水源水質水量保護區土地使用與管理的理論.

在IALE_EU 2009發表後, 希望能夠有機會投稿Landscape and Urban Planning.

　　

二、下學期進度 (2009.2.1~2009.7.31)

(一)投稿ISSRM 2009

即之前張貼的新研究構想http://cyc204.blogspot.com/2008/11/new-abstract-new-research.html, 預計作為下學期專討; 在ISSRM 2009發表後, 希望有機會發展成可以投稿Biological Conservation等期刊的文章

(二)修習博士班必選修(5選3)的特論課 <--如果有開課的話

(三)博士論文proposal

　　

瑋佳-進度報告和後續計畫-1

　　　
<首次嘗試使用連結以利說明, 請大家點點看再告訴我看不看得懂>
　　　

一、本學期進度( ~2009.1.31)

(一)投稿 J. Therapeutic Horticulture (AHTA)

就是去年受訓時上課不專心的小研究, 經撰寫成文後, 老師提供全文修改意見, 並建議加1個設計案後投稿AHTA的期刊http://www.ahta.org/research/journal.cfm, 因為他們有接受設計案的投稿, 也就是期刊中的Therapeutic Landscape and Garden Design分類(一般學術研究論文應是投Research分類).

預定採case study的撰寫方式, 主要內容包括: a.理論架構的建立; b.案例分析與論證; c.理論對應與設計原則擬定; d.設計成果(造園館1樓)

由於整篇文章已撰就, 僅須增修部分內容, 預計學期結束前可完成; 目前進度如下:

1. Abstract http://papayasu.blogspot.com/2008/12/exploration-and-application-of-natural.html

2. Introduction (包含文獻回顧, 研究目的) http://papayasu.blogspot.com/2008/12/benefit-and-application-of-natural.html

3. The theoretical framework of the benefit of natural views http://papayasu.blogspot.com/2008/12/benefit-and-application-of-natural_17.html

4. Case study: an empirical investigation and analysis (尚未改寫原本的研究方法與研究結果)

5. Design principles (尚未改寫原研究結論)

6. Designing a classroom (尚未完成設計, 預計邀請具建築設計背景者擔任作者之一, 負責教室的再設計)

　　　　

About the "Categories" in the field of Landscape Architecture

Many student ask me questions about the field of Landscape Architecture. Expecially when they are planning to go abroad to pursue their degree in another country. I always has a lot to say but always feel the difficulty of how to express this complexity issue into a more clear framework. Maybe there is no clear framework in my mind yet.
In order to uncover this problem. I try to depict the field of Landscape Architecture from floowing approaches:

Q1. Who can join this field?
Q2. Types of research Insitute of Landscape Architecture
Q3. Future practices with a background from Landscape Architecture

Ans1: Of course, everyone can join this field once you are interesting in the field's work. However, how do I know am I interesting in the field of Landscape Architecture or not. Unfortunately, in order to get the answer of this question you have to know the answers of all the above 3 questions.

However, following are a long list with my knowledge of the "cases" of people from different field (after their Bachelor degree) continuing their degree in the research institute of Landscape Architecture and/or finally work in this field:
Architecture, Urban Planning, Civil Engineering, Water and Soil Conservation, Tourism, Leisure, Park and Recreation, Geology, Agriculture Extension, Horticulture, Agronomy, Forestry, Botany, Animal Science, Biology, Entomology, Mass Communication, Rural Planning, Applied Arts, Land Economics, Psychology, English and American Landguage and Literature, Ecology, Natural Resources Management, Public Health...

All the above cases cound be a reference for the ones that are interesting to the field of Landscape Architecture but not sure whether his background is ok or not.

Ans2: Basically, before I answer this question, I have to define my answer is appraoch from the aspect of Taiwan with my own experience. On the basis of helping bachelor and /or master students to develop their next step in the field of Landscape Architecture. Different people will have different extent in regard to the definition of field of Landscape Architecture.
The most common research institute is:

Professional Degree:

Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA)
Master of Design
Master of Environmental Design
Doctor of Design
Doctor of environmental Design

Scholarly Degree:

Master of Science
Doctor of Philosophy

Ans3: Planning and design projects can come from different instututes. Private or public owned agencies. Landscape researches, planning, design, management programs are all possible projects.

Landscape architecture associations (private) - planning and design projects
Academic associations - planning, research, and program projects
Academic institutes - planning, research, and program projects
SOHO - design
Government agencies - management, research, program, planning, and design

Construction and Planning Agency
- National Parks
- Urban and Rural Parks and Greenery
Tourism Bureau
- National Scenic Areas
- Festival
Council of Agriculture
- Leisure Farm
- Bureau of Forestry
- National Forest Recreational Areas
- National Forest Trails
- Narional Conservation Areas
Bureau of Water and Soil Conservation
- Rural Planning


I think this paragraph will need more fix and comments. Please give me you ideas.

瑋佳-專討摘要again (for final)

A case study of legal mechanism for controlling the land use in Taipei Water Source Domain

　　

　　

Taipei Water Source Domain (TWSD, 台北水源特定區), providing water supply for great Taipei region, is also expected to offer ecological habitats. People argue that the land use which is controlled by redundant legal mechanism (including agencies and regulations) directly affects the land cover types (LCTs) in this area.
This article concerns the fragmentation of ecological habitats and expects to clarify the impact resulted from the legal mechanism. As a typical descriptive case study, we focus on this question: (how) does legal mechanism of land use work? There are two following questions to concentrate our concepts: how do agencies share the responsibility to control the land use and how does the habitat fragmentation reflect the land use regulations.
We establish a theoretical framework to analyze the legal mechanism of land use in the freshwater protected areas. We collect the data through two approaches. The first one is to search the relative legal articles in Laws and Regulations Database of The Republic of China (全國法規資料庫). More than 20 laws/regulations and hundreds of articles are applied. The second one is to digitalize the aerial photos and select a sample of 50 sites to calculate the metrics of landscape fragment.
Based on our theoretical framework, we answer the research questions with the efficiency of the legal mechanism. First, the legal regulation of land use could work through critical punishment, no matter what the agencies are. Next, the legal mechanism prevents the illegal private development and behavior successfully, but fails to stop the existing development. The final finding is the legal mechanism indistinctly encourages the over-developing of local public sectors.

　　

　　

尺度變化的影響

ICLEE那天發的Landscape and ecological engineering volume3 no.1，第47頁有一篇關於changing scale的文章，內容大概是計算不同粒度的景觀結構指數，並把它們畫成曲線圖，看它們的變化。

曲線圖的X軸是粒度，由30m到300m，Y軸是各項指數。曲線往上的指數有Mean Patch Size和Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distence(Mean)；曲線往下的指數較多，有Aggregation, Cohesion, landscape shape, number of patches和total edge length；當然也有平平的，像是Class Area。

但是各個圖都有一個共通點，在粒度為100*100(與最小粒度面積比例為10)附近的時候，曲線開始不平順，上下劇烈變動，或開始有另一種階梯狀的線條出現。關於這個問題...我還沒看懂，下次再和大家說明，如果有興趣的話請跟有去ICLEE的人借來看看。

因為我發現有點難懂，所以在本篇文章的文獻中找了比較原始的一篇文章：Effects of changing spatial scale on the analysis of landscape pattern (Monica G. Turner, Robert V. O'Neill, Robert H. Gardner & Bruce T. Milne, 1989)。

文章中主要在觀察不同幅度與粒度下的景觀資料(landscape data)變化，是否會產生一個規則，並且使用Diversity(歧異度)、Dominace(優勢)和Contagion三種指數做分析，希望可以應用在未來測量不同景觀尺度的事件。因為我對粒度(grain)比較有興趣..所以目前只看了粒度的部分。

粒度從1*1個單位放大到50*50個單位，總共有18種粒度。在放大粒度時，例如1*1→2*2，LCTs(Land Cover types)屬性為四格中出現最多者；若四格內的LCTs屬性兩兩相同，則屬性則以隨機方式獲得。

結果為，LCTs類別的數量在七個不同景觀中，隨著粒度的變大而縮減。由6種縮減至3種，意思也就是粒度越大，則會忽略越多東西；以各LCTs類別佔全面積的比例來看，原本面積就佔多數的類別，會跟著粒度的增加而增加，其餘的類別則漸漸消失；如果類別之間的差異不大，變化也會比較緩和(見下圖)。

我在想，是不是在面積比例上有一個臨界值，過了這個臨界值，面積就會和粒度成正相關，反之則成負相關。

在比較三種指數的結果方面，不同的粒度對於Diversity數值有線性的關係，而Dominace和Contagion則無；但是在幅度上，Dominace和Contagion隨著粒度著增加，而Diversity則是呈現不同的反應。

指數的變化，是因為LCTs的數量(m)和面積比例(Pk)隨著幅度與粒度改變。而三種指數有不同的反應，則是因為指數本身的特性不同，對土地使用類型的數量和面積比例的關係也會不同，因此和changing scale才有不同的線性關係。

再回頭看那篇2006年的，景觀結構指數因為和土地使用類型(LCTs)有不同相關方式，所以曲線圖才會有好幾種不同的曲線。

宜君的專討摘要

Previous research has indicated that to induce empathy for the environment leads to the activation of pro-environmental intentions. Environmental art activities are here proposed to serve as media to induce environmental empathy. In this study, environmental art is used to refer to art dealing with ecological and/or environmental issues. During developing process of an environmental art project, a lot of techniques are used to investigate the site. It is hypothesized that this way of learning about a place and presenting responses of it leads to the forming of empathy for the environment. A group of college students who attained an environmental art course were interviewed to examine qualitative aspects of environmental art activities in forming environmental empathy. Interviews were digital-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were content-analyzed, looking for commonalties and distinctions between individual accounts. Participants spoke of experiences of forming affective and cognitive responses toward the environment through activities and the kind of relationships they develop with environment. It is also found that the representational characteristic of environmental art activities facilitates the formation of environmental empathy.

瑋佳-new abstract, new research

Gaps and bridges: The public and professional perspectives on Taiwan's national parks

In recent years, the research relative to protected areas focus on the interaction between people and environment. Scientists and conservators want to attract people's interest to natural environment and encourage them concern ecological problems. This is the basic reason to develop recreation opportunities in the protected areas. However, the protected areas suffer critical pressure resulted from visitors, especially national parks, whose main functions contain recreation.

As the first step to explore the balance of protection and recreation, this is a research to describe how the publics and professions think about national parks.

This researcher expects to collect the public and professional perspectives. Because the environmental ethics and standards have shaped the common sense, it is hard to avoid the bias of interview. Therefore, the research will collect the blog articles and newspaper reports to represent the public viewpoints. It is expected to search 200 blog articles and 200 newspaper articles in recent five years. On the other hand, the experts and scholars' statements in official judgement and discussion meetings will applied to perform the professional viewpoints. Considering the stable truth in academia, the professional meeting records will be looked back for only 2 years, where there are about 20 meetings.

宛俞專討摘要

Ambient Odor’s Effects: Environmental Restoration and Emotional State

Empirical studies have shown a significant influence of odors on humans’ memory, emotional state, and physical well-being. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of the orange odor on environmental restoration, mood, alertness and calmness, in the field. Seventy two subjects between the ages of 18 and 42 years (50 females, 22 males) were assigned to two groups. In the experiment group, 40 subjects were stimulated with odor of orange. This condition was compared to a control group, which 32 persons involved a similar outdoor environment without the tested odor. Statistical analyses revealed that the subjects in the presence of orange odor rated the study site as a higher restorative environment compared to control condition. Structured evaluations of 5 restorative qualities indicated that the orange odor stimulated a different experience in novelty, escape, fascination, and compatibility but extent. On the other hand, no effects of the orange odor on mood and calmness were observed in this experiment while there was a significant influence on alertness.

【Keywords】Effects of Odors, Environmental Restoration, Mood, Olfactory

瑋佳-英文論文寫作教學網站

Writing@CSU
http://writing.colostate.edu/

[最上手]使用介面近似一般入口網站的交友/日記/社群/部落格等功能

[最強大]具有視窗化的html編輯功能, 可以在編輯視窗中直接調整文字和段落(就像本部落格一樣, 不過功能更多)

[最認真]真正的"教學"網站, 有教學生如何學的部分, 也有教老師怎麼教的部分

[最感動]註冊時可以選擇要不要讓上傳的文章顯示出來供人批改(還沒用到這個功能不知是怎麼回事)

[最推薦]Conducting Research的章節http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/index.cfm?guides_active=conducting&category1=22

瑋佳-研究的操作和書寫

接續上星期三(11/19)meeting時有有關元毓專討的建議, 不過並不是針對哪一篇研究, 而是對自己修了半學期研究方法的課所做的note.

我們期中交了1個"信義房屋電視廣告分析表", 當我們真的寫出1篇"信義房屋電視廣告女性角色所反映的社會期待"的研究論文時, 這個表可能根本不會出現, 或者說可能會以別的形式出現; 但我們並不能因為這個分析表不會出現在論文裡就不做, 因為如果沒有這個表, 就歸納不出本研究的結果.

在這個例子裡, 我們的研究方法是質性研究中的論述分析(相對於臨床實驗, 田野調查, 案例分析等), 分析方法是符號學(相對於平均數檢定, 語意學等), 而分析工具就是分析表(相對於one-way ANOVA等), 分析軟體是WORD(相對於SPSS, ATALAS.ti等), 然而在論文中, 我們並不會把這些方法和工具的操作過程完全呈現給讀者看, 比如說我可能不會交代我是怎麼CODING和KEY IN的, 以質性研究而言, 我可能不會把每1個符號的符號具和符號意都標示出來.

是不是可以這麼說? 研究書寫=我將自己從研究操作中所獲得的默會知識[1]講給讀者聽, 據此, 如果我寫出來的研究結果等於我整理資料和分析資料的實質過程, 不是我的研究書寫有問題, 就是我的研究操作有問題.

由於研究方法和工具的不同, 質性研究的寫作可能比量化研究更容易出現這種問題, 若未能深入瞭解方法和工具的真意, 就無法進入謝老師常說的欣賞-->模仿-->創造好論文的境界, 例如訪談結果常用的分析方法解釋互動論呈現於論文後, 讀者往往"只"看得到作者的論述輔以作為佐證之用的文本摘錄, 作者未必會另外交代其後的個人生命經驗(受訪者的和研究者的), 迥異於必須清楚敘明研究變項的量化研究書寫方式, 唯有具備質性研究意識的研究者能夠透過欣賞-->模仿的過程達到創造的目的, 而欣賞和模仿的對象並不是書寫上的呈現, 甚至不是如何問題界定或如何方法選用, 而是作者如何透過個人生命經驗來選擇並詮釋訪談結果, 可以說研究過程本身就是一種默會知識, 相較之下, 量化研究方法是比較容易講述並重複演練修改的, 此之所以稱質性和量化分屬不同的研究典範(或譯範型, paradigm).



[1]tacit knowledge, 又稱隱性知識, 意指難以言喻的知識, 相對於可講授記誦的顯性知識而言; 維基百科的定義為With tacit knowledge, people are not often aware of the knowledge they possess or how it can be valuable to others. Tacit knowledge is considered more valuable because it provides context for people, places, ideas, and experiences. Effective transfer of tacit knowledge generally requires extensive personal contact and trust. 詳http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit_knowledge
　
　

自然綠地的故事--楔子

整合報告--前言
（把幾份報告的主軸盡量合起來，想法是：先強調民眾對健康環境的需求，哄抬永續管理與自然效益的身價，再舉證說明自然綠地環境之於休閒抒壓之重要性，續接實驗對象選擇。）
臺灣近年來發展，與許多已開發國家一樣，普遍面臨都市地區人口集中、年齡結構老化、鄉村地區人口外移等等問題。同時隨著社會結構的變化，多數國民面對居住品質惡化、生活品質難以提昇之考驗。不論是對於銀髮族群或者青壯人口，健康養生的需求已深植觀念，成為可見的未來趨勢。此現象輔以當代永續資源發展思潮，不啻喚起對於自然環境所具有的健康效益之重視，提升了一般國民對於自然綠地環境價值之認識。同時，環境的規劃當以「永續未來」為原則進行考量，則「自然生態」與「使用者」兩者健康皆應同時納入考量，並時處理環境組成本體與環境中使用者的健康。
職是之故，永續資源管理之下，一個健康健全而有益於生態物種平衡的環境組成，跟人類能由其中獲得的正面健康效益，究竟有什麼關係？是本整合型研究亟欲探答的主軸問題。
現代社會的民眾，普遍面臨生活壓力、步調緊湊所形成心理調適緊迫。對於心理狀態不健康的嚴重性，由醫學期刊「刺胳針(lancet)」2007年的一篇大型跨國研究可見一斑，該研究透過世界衛生組織在60個國家進行調查，資料分析結果證實心理的憂鬱病症比其他慢性疾病更可能造成長期行為上的失能(Moussavi et al., 2007)。週休二日實施以降，台灣國民尋求透過休閒活動接近自然綠地，以抒解日常壓力，一般國民較頻繁接觸的自然綠地，包括都市地區的中小型開放綠地、鄉村地區的旅遊觀光綠地以及山林地區的高度自然綠地等等。這些綠地遊憩區域內，皆有其特殊的地理環境和生物組成，然而過去對於這些地區所擁有之環境生態資源與人類精神與健康關係之研究卻是相當稀少。透過上述之原因，本整合型研究乃針對三種不同自然程度的綠地空間，包括都市綠地、鄉村綠地以及山林綠地的遊憩休閒自然綠地，各子計畫分別進行全區調查資料研究或單點價值深入的實驗設計與操作，期能透過不同自然程度的綠地空間單元，同時針對這些自然綠地與生態物種的關係，以及對於使用者的健康效益關係，提出具有特殊意義與價值的答案，期能為人類與環境健康共存的原理知識架構，再起一有力鍵結。

瑋佳-the researcher's self-reflection

夏曉鵑，（2002），楔子－故事、傳記、學術、實踐，流離尋岸：資本國際化下「外籍新娘」現象，pp.1-27，台灣社會研究雜誌社，台灣：台北。

本文作者的博士論文主題為一般口語中的「外籍新娘」，(作者原本以為的)研究動機是為了瞭解東亞南籍女性透過婚姻移居台灣的心理歷程，但在研究過程中，作者意外發現自己不但是研究的主體，更是客體，換句話說，是作者在進行觀察、訪談與參與時，逐漸洞見自己選擇此一研究深層因素，原來是由來於作者母親從小至大的好友瑪莉阿姨嫁給駐台美軍並移居美國，所反映出整個家庭－以及那個時代的整個台灣社會－對於透過婚姻關係移居開發程度較高國家的欽羨。

這種類型的文章恰可說明何以質性研究是以研究者本身為對象的研究方法，就景觀領域的專業而言，或有研究者基於「人類如何由自然景觀中獲得效益」的研究好奇而發展研究，從而發現「人類如何透過學習瞭解自然景觀有其效益」才是問題所在，進而產生「景觀專業者如何教導人們自然景觀的效益何在」的反思，諸如環境相關領域的決策者規劃、設計者甚至解說者，都可以扮演著這種傳遞價值的角色而不自知，正規學校教育中的老師重要性自不待言；凡此種種均須透過各種論述文本的分析，才能得知此一途徑何以形成，蓋此說尚未形成理論，無法以量化研究方法加以驗證。

弔詭之處在於，這不是一個可以建議或指導的研究題目，唯有研究者在既有研究進行中因某種頓悟(epiphanies)[1]而有所自省，才會將研究導向「以自身經驗理解他人」的結果。


[1]原意為耶穌降臨的日子，或譯「個人主顯節」

瑋佳-解釋互動論

藍佩嘉，（2004），女人何苦為難女人？雇用家務移工的三角關係，台灣社會學，8：43-97。


藍佩嘉的<女人何苦為難女人>一文原為博士論文，本研究係緣起於家庭移工的引入在現今台灣家庭分工下乃是不得不然的趨勢，而這些家庭移工介入原本單純、符合傳統社會期待的家庭結構後，所扮演的角色為何？既然原本的家庭結構可以達到均衡、角色各司其職，那麼身為介入者的家庭移工立足在誰的地位？分擔了誰的職責？
本研究問題共有2組，第1組問題旨在界定女主人和女傭/褓姆的角色，第2組問題則是家庭移工對「婆婆」這個角色的衝擊，包括實質上的責任分攤/權力移轉，以及心理上的優劣勢關係。
本研究採用質性研究中的田野調查法，以45個雇用家庭移工的家庭作為訪談對象，以解釋互動論[1]為訪談結果的分析基礎，就前述研究問題而言，本研究的重要發現亦有二：首先，作者提到家務勞動因台灣社會的父權結構而有其社會意義，在家裡操持家務的人往往代表者某種地位，為了「鞏固」自己身為妻子、母親的「事實」，女主人往往以貶低家庭移工外貌、談吐、甚至價值觀等，來確認自己的地位，而男主人若為了讓女主人「安心」，也會用同樣的方式貶低家庭移工，強化對移工的支配力，無形中將家務分工轉變為對移工的剝削；其次，在有婆婆同住的核心家庭中，負責分攤家務的往往是居家的婆婆，包括照顧家中小孩在內，就分攤家務而言，乃是在由子媳負責經濟來源及外務的情況下，社會常理所容許的分工方式，而照顧小孩不但是家務分工，更是親情的一環，此時家務移工的介入，不單是插手家務分工，更有威脅到婆婆親情與尊嚴的可能，此時不論是婆婆要強化自我重要性，或是子媳可能過於強烈地讓婆婆「安心」，同樣都可能透過貶低家庭移工的地位，或是強調其在家庭中屬於階級低下的一份子。


[1] 研究者將其欲解釋的經驗加以情境化與定位，也就是，親身進入互動現場，並藉由互動對象的語言來理解現象，並將之扣連於相關的社會結構之中，因為個人是帶著他們各自的苦惱進入社會互動的情境，研究者必須了解事件發生的時間、歷史，以勾勒出個人苦惱的「故事」，再進行解釋研究。

圖像的代表性??

Hozog & Kutzli(2002)研究神秘特質所能引起的危險感覺以及偏好中結論，視覺及行動的可及性對於預測危險感覺比對預測偏好來得強烈。研究的過程，作者利用70張森林環境的照片在實驗室中以幻燈片播放的方式，請大學生一一評分。在後續對實驗限制的討論中，作者提及針對實驗室圖片法的質疑，已有許多其他的研究證明此種研究方法的可行性。利用圖像播放來進行研究時有一個基本的假定，認為視覺是主宰或者說整合，此類研究中受測者感知的重要來源。但，首先，人對於森林環境的危險感覺或是偏好，真的單純的來自視覺感受嗎?視覺或許是環境感受的重要來源，但聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺等等其他的刺激會不會造成影響呢?比如說，在一個視覺封閉的樹林環境中，鳥類的叫聲、花的香味、或者陽光的溫度會不會減少人的恐懼感覺而增加偏好呢?另外，研究中結論可及性特質對於偏好的預測較危險感覺不強烈，有沒有可能與作者所出示的照片品質(如地點差異、取景角度、或構圖等)有關呢?是這一批照片的影像內容不夠引起偏好感覺，而不是空間的神秘特質不足以引起偏好呢?。也就是說是這一批(沒有經過嚴格挑選的)照片影響了研究的結果(偏好及危險感覺的預測能力的差異)，這或許是值得探究的。

Hozog, T. & Kutzli, G. E. (2002). Preference and perceived danger in field/forest settings. Environment & Behavior, 34, 819-835.

green spaces can reduce health inequality between social classes

A Britain’s study was published in special issue of The Lancet, which focuses on social and environmental factors of public health. Dr. Richard Mitchell, of the University of Glasgow, and his colleagues made an argument that health inequalities between rich and poor groups are much lower in areas that have lots of green spaces, such as parks, forests and playing fields.

Mitchell and his team noted that previous studies have shown that present to the natural environment, or so-called green space, has an independent effect on health and health-related behaviors. They examined whether income-related health disparities would be less pronounced in populations with greater access to green space.

They looked at the almost 41 million people in England below retirement age and obtained individual death records for 366,348 people to determine the association between exposure to green space, income, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific death (circulatory disease, lung cancer and suicide) from 2001 to 2005.

The study result revealed that health inequalities related to income deprivation in all-cause mortality and mortality from circulatory diseases were lower in populations living in the greener areas. In areas with the least green space, the health gap between the richest and poorest people was about half as large as that in the greenest areas -- an incident rate ratio (IRR) of 1.93 in the least green and 1.43 in the most green. IRR is a measure of how much higher the rate of death is among the poorest, when compared with that among the richest. The difference in IRR for circulatory disease was even larger - 2.19 in the least green areas and 1.54 in the most green. However, the amount of green space had no effect on deaths caused by lung cancer or suicide.

Evidence suggests that green environments which also promote or enhance beneficial physical activities may reduce risk of death from circulatory disease. Populations that are exposed to the greenest environments have lowest levels of health inequality related to income deprivation. ”Physical environments that promote good health might be crucial to reduce socioeconomic health inequalities,” Mitchell and colleagues concluded.

The study offers an idea in depth, which social welfare departments, health authorities and city planning decision-makers should consider green spaces in a serious way. The physical environment of residential areas could be important for risk of circulatory disease. The effect of green environments is not only based on aesthetic or leisure, but also on improvement of citizen’s health and diminution of social inequality. When we try to establish a completed social welfare system for deprived group, the restorative values of natural spaces should be included in our consideration. The network of greenway or green space system which increases opportunities to access nature could be viewed as another approach to improve the well-being of lower income group and to eliminate the basic disparity of different social classes.

Mitchell, R. and F. Popham (2008). Effect of Exposure to Natural Environment on Health Inequalities: An Observational Population. Lancet, 372, 1655–1660.